Car: how it works, the principle of operation, characteristics and schemes. How does a car muffler work?

2024 Author: Erin Ralphs | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-02-19 11:42

Since the creation of the first gasoline-powered car, which happened more than a hundred years ago, nothing has changed in its main parts. The design has been modernized and improved. However, the car, as it was arranged, remained as such. Consider its general design and arrangement of some individual units and assemblies.

General characteristics

All machines consist of three parts:

• engine;
• chassis;
• body.

Many people call the engine the heart of the car. It contains a source of energy that sets the whole mechanism in motion. Below we will find out how a car engine works. Note that the most common today are internal combustion engines (ICE). But more and more motorists are trying and driving alternative options: hybrid and less often electric.

The body of the car is with a frame and without it. On modern machines, the units are mounteddirectly to the body, so it is called the carrier.

The chassis consists of many systems and mechanisms through which:

• torque from the motor is transmitted to the wheels (transmission);
• vehicle moving (chassis);
• controlled by (control mechanism).

Transmission

Understanding how cars work without looking at the transmission is impossible. By transmitting torque to the wheels, the mechanism allows you to change its direction and magnitude. In a two-axle vehicle with a front engine and rear wheel drive, the following are usually included:

• clutch;
• gearbox;
• main and driveline;
• shafts and differential.

Let's start with how a car's clutch works. The mechanism transmits torque to the gearbox, easily and briefly connects and disconnects with other transmission mechanisms. The clutch includes a flywheel, driven and driven discs.

Gearbox is recognized to convert torque. Thanks to its work, the car moves forward or backward, and the motor is disconnected from the drive wheels. Gearboxes are:

• mechanical;
• automatic;
• robotic;
• stepless.

Undercarriage

As noted above, the body can be load-bearing or with a frame. In addition to it, the chassis includes axles (front and rear), suspension (shock absorbers and springs), tires and wheels.

The body is designed to accommodate passengers. There ismany types of body, but the most common are sedan, wagon, hatchback, limousine, convertible and others.

For the body to be truly durable, its individual elements must be made of iron. Other sections can be made from profile sheet.

The suspension determines how easy it will be to endure bumps on the road car. How an element is arranged depends on its type. Suspensions are dependent and independent. Vehicles with the first type of suspension have rear wheels that are connected by a special beam. If there is no beam, then the suspension is independent.

Management

This mechanism consists of:

• steer;
• brake system.

Thanks to him, the direction and speed of movement can change. The vehicle is also stopped or held in place.

The steering consists of elements through which the rotation of the steering wheel transmits commands to the rest of the mechanisms included in the car. How each of them works, we will not consider. We only note what is included in the system:

• steering column;
• steering gear;
• swivel arms;
• tie rods.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the braking system. Not surprisingly, its design is thought out in such a way that the brakes cannot completely fail if the car encounters any malfunctions. How the mechanism works is easy to understand.

The brake system consists of at least a working part, which is activated by pressing the brake pedal, as well as a parking part, controlled by a lever located between the front seats.

Engine

The main elements that make up the motor are:

• cylinder block (inside which are channels for cooling and lubrication);
• piston (metal cup made from piston ring grooves);
• piston rings (upper - compression, and lower - oil scraper);
• crank mechanism that transmits energy to the crankshaft.

Considering how cars are arranged, it is impossible not to touch on the principle of operation of the internal combustion engine. It is based on the ignition of fuel in a confined space. This releases a lot of energy, heating the gas in the installed cylinders, increasing the pressure and setting the piston in motion.

In order for the process to be constant, the fuel-air mixture must regularly enter the combustion chamber. Then the piston makes the crankshaft move, and that - the wheels of the car. Most engines are four stroke. They got this name because each cycle is divided into four equal parts.

The engine gets very hot during operation. Therefore, an extremely important engine cooling system is provided, which includes a radiator that serves to remove heat from the liquid in the cooling system.

How does a car radiator work? The design includes a core, which is the cooling part,bottom and top boxes with special nozzles. It is usually located in front of the hood. Passing oncoming air through itself, it removes excess heat directly into the atmosphere.

Exhaust system

The car makes noise and releases toxic fumes when running. The exhaust system serves to reduce these factors. It consists of:

• collector;
• catalyst;
• resonator;
• muffler.

All components of the system are very important. The catalyst, for example, serves to reduce the emission of harmful substances. But most of the attention, as a rule, is paid to the muffler. Sometimes even the whole system is called this part. Consider how a car muffler works. It can have a variety of designs inside. On new machines, it provides several technologies designed to reduce noise at once. This is a system of pores, partitions, air outlets and so on.

However, when tuning the exhaust system and in particular the muffler, they deviate from its main function of sound reduction and, on the contrary, try to give the car a spectacular “roar”. How is the car muffler arranged in this case? Such a part is called straight-through. The essence of the change is very simple. The structure inside is simplified. It may consist, for example, of a perforated pipe. Then the gases will come out without resistance.

Electrical equipment

Electrical equipment is very important. After all, thanks to him, the engine starts and functions. Also, the interior is heated, illuminated, there isthe ability to move quietly in the dark and ensure the safety of all road users.