General car electrical equipment

2024 Author: Erin Ralphs | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-02-19 11:41

While developers of economical energy supply systems are mastering alternative energy sources, car manufacturers are expanding the circle of local consumers of electricity. Not so long ago, the list of electrical equipment in a car could be limited to lighting devices and starting equipment, but today, as the capabilities and characteristics of technology increase, more and more new categories of on-board devices are being formed. Obviously, against this background, the organization of the electrical equipment of cars, which also involves more advanced mounting hardware, is becoming more complicated.

Car energy sources

The whole complex of electrical equipment in the car can be divided into two groups - sources and consumers. The first group represents a narrow list of current generation elements, but it is also more responsible. As a rule, batteries are used to ensure the operation of electrical appliances. The standard complex includes from three to sixacid elements connected in series. If we talk about voltage, then in most cases the operation of the car's electrical equipment is provided by a load of 12 or 24 V. This makes it possible to connect not only local devices to the cigarette lighter, but also mobile devices like tablets and smartphones with hand-held navigators.

In the battery itself, the connection between the plates is organized in a parallel configuration. But the general network infrastructure for power supply in the cabin is carried out by parallel wiring. This is due to the fact that the tracks are laid in close contact with the metal body, which can be displayed "mass".

The main consumers of electricity in the car

These are the most critical devices on which the performance of the car depends. Such electrical equipment includes an injection system, an engine control module, a gearbox, electric boosters, a fuel complex, etc. It is powered by a supply source and an ignition system, which may differ depending on the type of transport equipment. For example, the electrical equipment of cars and tractors differs in energy generation sources. In the first case, the aforementioned batteries are used, and in the second, magnetos are used.

Heavy automotive equipment is equipped with four- and six-cylinder engines, which include the use of candles and wires, according to the number corresponding to the number of cylinders. Passenger cars also have their own peculiarities in the implementation of the ignition system. The ignition of the air-fuel mixture in modern models, for example, can be carried out electronically and non-contact.

Optical electrical equipment

Automotive lighting is one of the most costly groups of electricity consumers in terms of energy consumption. Immediately it is worth dividing such devices into internal and external. In the cabin, lamps for the main lighting and instrument panel illumination are usually installed. Separate lighting devices are provided for servicing the engine compartment, luggage compartment, etc. Outside, the optical electrical equipment of cars mainly performs the task of illuminating the road and the surrounding space. Such devices include dipped and main beam headlights, a license plate light and searchlights. This also includes a wide group of signal, contour and emergency lamps. It includes parking lights, fog lights, decorative lights, brake lights, etc.

Instruments

Driving a car is impossible without informing the driver about the current state of the operating parameters of individual systems and units. For this, control and measuring devices are designed, most of which are located on the dashboard. Indications are determined by means of sensors installed on the nodes of the motor chassis. The main instruments of this category include a speedometer, a tachometer, an oil pressure gauge, a thermometer, etc. For the convenience of presenting informationon-board computers are used. In particular, data from the measuring electrical equipment of VAZ vehicles are processed by a trip computer, which is directly connected to the fuel system. This allows you to display additional information about the condition and fuel reserves. As for the sensors, they differ in the principle of operation depending on the conditions for determining a particular indicator. In the same VAZ vehicles, magnetoinduction and magnetoelectric devices are mainly used.

Electronic control systems

Unlike instrumentation, control electronics not only captures certain information about the systems and assemblies of the machine, but can also directly participate in the driving process. So, the equipment of a modern car includes devices that improve the ergonomics of control and safety. For example, the stabilization of exchange rate stability minimizes the likelihood of skidding. On the one hand, it is connected to the on-board computer, and on the other hand, to the mechanical units of the chassis. Today, more and more attention is paid to anti-theft systems. To solve this problem, telematic electrical equipment of cars is used, through which the owner can control the operation of protective devices at a great distance.

Auxiliary electrical fittings

To connect equipment to one common on-board network, connector blocks, mounting tools and wireless communication modules are used. ATtraditional circuits use conventional wiring with control relays and contactors. Through them, the equipment is connected to the functional units, dashboard and batteries. For connection, special screws, protective covers and housings can also be used to protect the wiring from magnetic interference. The wireless electrical equipment of the car, which is introduced into the on-board network through radio modules, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi channels, is becoming more and more popular. Such equipment includes the same telematic signaling systems, parking sensors components and microclimatic sensors. Working information is transmitted wirelessly, and power is provided by autonomous batteries - compact batteries or batteries.

Car electrical repairs

Most electrical infrastructure failures are caused by incorrect wiring or lost contacts. The consequence of such problems can be burnout of equipment, oxidation, short circuit, destruction and even fire of devices. At an early stage, a malfunction can be detected by indication systems that report through the dashboard about the incorrect operation of a certain mechanism. What malfunctions of the electrical equipment of the car can be fixed by hand? This usually involves replacing individual elements of the starter, alternator, spark plugs and engine. With the appropriate skills, an ordinary car owner may well correct violations in the fuel system - for example, adjustinjection mechanism. Much will depend on the nature of the problem. Repair of high-tech programmable equipment, in particular, is recommended to be initially trusted by specialists.

Maintenance of electrical equipment

As already noted, the switching in the electrical system is of key importance for the operation of the machine. Therefore, you should regularly check the contacts, the insulation of the wiring, the condition of the fuses and protective devices. Also, in the process of servicing the electrical equipment of the car, attention should be paid to the reliability of fastening the housings. Constant vibrations adversely affect the state of the locking mechanisms, so it is advisable to provide damping substrates for devices that are in direct contact with the body.

Diagnosis takes a special place in preventive measures. To do this, digital measuring devices are used that show the operating parameters of the equipment, the correct functioning and possible violations. In the normal mode of operation, the diagnostics of the electrical equipment of the car is carried out constantly due to on-board sensors. Immediately after starting the engine, they begin to monitor the electrolyte in the battery, generator and fuel system tightness. Some self-diagnostic modes also perform the alignment of operating parameters without user intervention.

Conclusion

Modern approaches to the arrangement of on-board equipment in a car openmore and more opportunities for the individual organization of electrical functionality. The user can choose the method of switching and the technical and operational parameters by which the electrical system will operate. Cars are also becoming more accessible in terms of integrating various devices and appliances. This also applies to the technical introduction of equipment into the network, and interoperability with the equipment of a regular link. But in an effort to design your own electrical system, do not forget about the principles of ergonomics, reliability and safety.