Types of brake systems, device and principle of operation

2024 Author: Erin Ralphs | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-02-19 11:41

It is impossible to operate cars safely without brake systems. In addition to the main task (namely, stopping the vehicle), the braking system is designed to slightly reduce speed and hold the car in place. Depending on the purpose, as well as to improve safety, a modern car has several such systems. Also, in different cars, the brakes may have their own type of drive. Consider the main types of brake systems used in the automotive industry.

How are they classified?

So, the systems are divided into the following types. This is a working system, a spare, a parking brake, and also an auxiliary one.

Under the worker should be understood the most basic means of braking. With it, you can slow down or perform a complete stop. The system is put into operation by pressing the pedal. This is the most efficienta system that allows you to slow down among all installed in the car. But let's see what other types of braking systems exist.

Some models are equipped with a spare brake. This system operates in the event that the main worker for some reason refused. In most vehicles, the parking brake acts as a spare brake.

It is used in the car to keep the car in its position after a complete stop. A handbrake is required to prevent the machine from rolling back while parked. It is controlled by a cable operated lever. Typically, such a system is found on old cars or new budget class. In modern models (especially in expensive cars), an electronic handbrake has appeared.

Auxiliary brakes are most often installed on trucks. They are needed in order to reduce wear on the main system during a long press on the pedal. For example, some types of brake systems of tractors and cars can be distinguished. Tractors use a double belt mechanism as an additional brake.

Trailers are also equipped with similar systems. This mechanism is called the overrun brake. The mechanism is activated when the trailer rolls over the vehicle.

Design and operating principle of the system

The service brake is arranged as follows. It consists of a master brake cylinder, a vacuum drive booster, and brake mechanisms. The latter are on the front and rear wheels. There are two types of brake actuators. In the case of hydraulic brake system, the designincluded tubes that contain brake fluid. Pneumatic brakes are arranged in much the same way. But instead of liquid, there is air in the tubes.

GTZ is needed in order to create the necessary pressure in the hydraulic actuator when the driver presses the brake pedal.

Amplifier

It makes it easier for the driver to step on the pedal. The element creates additional force. Most models use a vacuum booster. There are also hydraulic elements, but this is now a rarity. The booster is most often installed between the brake pedal and the GTZ. It does not carry any additional task - it simply increases the force of pressing the pedal.

Vacuum booster

This device works on the principle of differential pressure in chambers. The chambers are separated by a flexible diaphragm. On one side, the chamber is under vacuum from the intake manifold.

On the other hand, atmospheric pressure. Due to this pressure difference, the diaphragm sags in the direction of the chamber where the vacuum is created. The diaphragm acts on the stem. The larger the area of this diaphragm, the higher the pressure difference in the chambers. Accordingly, the amplifier will be able to create additional force.

Working brake cylinder

Pressure from the GTZ through a network of pipelines is transmitted hydraulically to the working cylinders. These elements are located directly in the brake mechanisms on the front and rear wheels. The fluid presses on the cylinders, and they put pressure on the pistons in the caliper. The piston forcesmove pads.

Brake mechanism

Distinguish between drum and disc mechanisms. Both the disc and the drum are mounted on the wheel hub and rotate directly with the wheel. Other parts in the brake mechanism are stationary.

In addition to drums and discs, pads are used in most types of brake systems. The block is a friction lining on a metal base. When the piston presses the fixed pad against the disc or drum, braking is performed.

Hydraulic drive

The hydraulic drive consists of two separate circuits - primary and secondary. This is done to ensure safety. If one of the circuits fails, the second will still allow the machine to stop.

The expansion tank is located under the hood above the GTZ. Inside the reservoir is a sensor that monitors the level of brake fluid. They are equipped with all types of braking systems of cars. If the level drops to the minimum allowable, then the corresponding light on the dashboard will light up.

Parking brake

This design can have two types of drive - it is manual and foot. In the case of a manual drive, the mechanism is activated by a lever located to the right of the driver. In the second case, activation is performed by the pedal. Usually a pedal parking brake can be seen on models with an automatic transmission - there is no clutch pedal, and the handbrake pedal took its place. But it is on the leftrelative to the rest of the pedal assembly. A striking example of this is the car "Mercedes".

The parking brake mechanism may vary. There are two mechanisms. In the first version, the lever directly acts on the piston, and the service brake pads are pressed against the brake disc. The second option involves the use of special semi-circular pads that act on the inside of the disk.

Electro-mechanical parking brake

Here are the types of braking systems that still exist. In this case, the braking process consists in pressing a button. An electric motor with a gearbox is used as an actuating device. These elements are connected to the brake mechanism on the rear pair of wheels.

When the driver presses the button, the motor acts on the service brake piston. He presses the pads. When the parking brake is no longer needed, the motor rotates in the opposite direction.

Pneumatic systems

These types of brake systems are installed mainly on trucks. It is based on the principle of applying the power of compressed air. It is in special containers and is pumped there with the help of a compressor. That's the difference.

Air is supplied from the cylinders to the compressor under a certain pressure. Then, after the driver presses the brake pedal, the force is transferred to the brake valve. Its task is to create pressure in the brake chambers.

Cameras turn onby means of a lever in the brake mechanism. It also carries out the process of reducing the speed. When the driver stops pressing the pedal, the pressure on the lever will decrease. The braking process will stop.

Conclusion

We examined the purpose and types of braking systems for cars and trucks. Even this basic information will be enough to understand how it works. It is very important to know about the brakes - safety depends on it.