Car engine device. Description, principle of operation

2024 Author: Erin Ralphs | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-02-19 11:42

The most common engine currently installed is the internal combustion engine. The device and operation of a car engine is quite simple, despite the many parts that it consists of. Let's take a closer look at this.

Common ICE device

Each motor has a cylinder and a piston. In the first, thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy, which can cause the car to move. In just one minute, this process is repeated several hundred times, so that the crankshaft that comes out of the engine rotates continuously.

The engine of a machine consists of several systems and mechanisms that convert energy into mechanical work.

Its base is:

• gas distribution;
• crank mechanism.

In addition, the following systems work in it:

• food;
• ignition;
• launch;
• cooling;
• grease.

Crank mechanism

Thanks to him, the reciprocating motion of the crankshaft turns into rotational. The latter is transmitted to all systems more easily than the cyclic, especially since the wheels are the final link in the transmission. And they work through rotation.

If the car were not a wheeled vehicle, then this mechanism for transportation might not be necessary. However, in the case of a machine, the crank work is fully justified.

Timing mechanism

Thanks to the timing, the working mixture or air enters the cylinders (depending on the characteristics of the formation of the mixture in the engine), then the exhaust gases and combustion products are removed.

At the same time, the exchange of gases takes place at the appointed time in a certain amount, organized with cycles and guaranteeing a high-quality working mixture, as well as obtaining the greatest effect from the generated heat.

Power system

The mixture of air and fuel burns in the cylinders. The system under consideration regulates their supply in a strict amount and proportion. There is external and internal mixing. In the first case, air and fuel are mixed outside the cylinder, and in the other - inside it.

The power system with external mixture formation has a special device called a carburetor. In it, the fuel is sprayed into the air, and then enters the cylinders.

The device of a car engine with an internal carburetion system is called injector anddiesel. They fill the cylinders with air, where fuel is injected through special mechanisms.

Ignition system

Here is forced ignition of the working mixture in the motor. Diesel units do not need this, since their process is carried out through a high degree of air compression, which becomes actually hot.

Motors mainly use spark electric discharge. However, in addition, ignition tubes can be used that ignite the working mixture with a burning substance.

It can be set on fire in other ways. But the most practical today continues to be the electrospark system.

Start

This system achieves the rotation of the crankshaft of the motor at startup. This is necessary to start the functioning of individual mechanisms and the engine itself as a whole.

To start, the starter is mainly used. Thanks to him, the process is carried out easily, reliably and quickly. But a variant of a pneumatic unit is also possible, which operates on a supply of compressed air in the receivers or provided with an electrically driven compressor.

The simplest system is the crank, through which the crankshaft rotates in the motor and all mechanisms and systems begin to work. Until recently, all drivers carried it with them. However, there was no question of any convenience in this case. Therefore, today everyone does without it.

Cooling

The task of this system ismaintaining a certain temperature of the operating unit. The fact is that combustion in the cylinders of the mixture occurs with the release of heat. The components and parts of the motor get hot and need to be constantly cooled to operate normally.

The most common are liquid and air systems.

In order for the engine to cool constantly, a heat exchanger is needed. In motors with a liquid version, its role is played by a radiator, which consists of many tubes for moving it and transferring heat to the walls. The outlet is further increased through the fan, which is installed next to the radiator.

Air-cooled units use fins on the surfaces of the hottest elements, which increases the heat exchange area significantly.

This cooling system is inefficient and therefore rarely installed on modern vehicles. It is mainly used on motorcycles and small internal combustion engines that do not require hard work.

Lubrication system

Lubrication of parts is necessary to reduce the loss of mechanical energy that occurs in the crank mechanism and timing. In addition, the process contributes to reduced wear on parts and some cooling.

Lubrication in car engines is mainly used under pressure, when oil is supplied through pipelines by means of a pump.

Some elements are lubricated by splashing or dipping in oil.

Two-stroke and four-stroke motors

Engine deviceThe first type of car is currently used in a rather narrow range: on mopeds, inexpensive motorcycles, boats and gas mowers. Its disadvantage is the loss of the working mixture during the removal of exhaust gases. In addition, forced purge and excessive requirements for the thermal stability of the exhaust valve cause an increase in the price of the motor.

The four-stroke engine does not have these disadvantages due to the presence of a gas distribution mechanism. However, this system also has its problems. The best performance of the motor will be achieved in a very narrow range of revolutions of the crankshaft.

The development of technology and the emergence of electronic control units made it possible to solve this problem. The internal structure of the engine now includes electromagnetic control, with the help of which the optimal gas distribution mode is selected.

Working principle

ICE works as follows. After the working mixture enters the combustion chamber, it is compressed and ignited by a spark. During combustion, super-strong pressure is formed in the cylinder, which sets the piston in motion. It begins to move towards bottom dead center, which is the third stroke (after intake and compression), called the power stroke. At this time, thanks to the piston, the crankshaft begins to rotate. The piston, in turn, moving to the top dead center, pushes out the exhaust gases, which is the fourth stroke of the engine - exhaust.

All four-stroke work is fairly simple. To make it easier to understand both the general structure of the car engine and itsoperation, it is convenient to watch a video that clearly demonstrates the functioning of the internal combustion engine engine.

Tuning

Many car owners, getting used to their car, want to get more opportunities from it than it can give. Therefore, engine tuning is often done for this, increasing its power. This can be done in several ways.

For example, chip tuning is known, when by computer reprogramming the motor is tuned for more dynamic operation. This method has both supporters and opponents.

A more traditional method is engine tuning, which involves some modifications to the engine. To do this, the crankshaft is replaced with pistons and connecting rods suitable for it; a turbine is installed; complex manipulations with aerodynamics are carried out and so on.

The device of a car engine is not that complicated. However, due to the huge number of elements included in it, and the need to coordinate them among themselves, in order for any alterations to have the desired result, high professionalism of the one who will carry them out is required. Therefore, before you decide on this, it is worth spending the effort to find a real master of his craft.