Description of the engine on cars of different models

2024 Author: Erin Ralphs | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-02-19 11:42

All moving technical devices, cars, construction equipment, water transport and more. etc., are equipped with power plants of various characteristics. In most cases, these are internal combustion engines, quite powerful and efficient, which have long established themselves as a reliable means of providing the motor functions of mechanisms.

General description of the machine

The page shows a photo of the engine with a description of the workflow. The sectional view of the motor allows you to get acquainted with the main components and details. In the lower part there is an engine crankcase with an oil pump, which drives the lubricant through special channels, starting from the crankshaft and ending with the timing chain. Acting through the channels of the crankshaft, oil under pressure of four atmospheres lubricates the plain bearings or liners of the main and connecting rod journals of the crank mechanism. At the same time, the lubricant is sprayed, turns into an oil mist, which ensures the formation of a film on the cylinder mirror. The pistons are slidingunhindered, with virtually zero friction. Each of them has from one to three oil scraper rings located above the main compression rings. The purpose of these rings is to remove excess oil and prevent it from entering the combustion chamber. Oil also enters the upper part of the engine, where the timing mechanism, camshaft, valve lifters and levers are lubricated. Another area of action for the lubrication system is the gears and the double tensioner chain. Here, the oil is distributed by gravity, it is sprayed by rotating parts. During the operation of the car, engine oil becomes contaminated with metal microparticles. Each car has its own mileage rate, after which it is necessary to replace the lubricant. If it is not possible to calculate the distance traveled, then periodically check the engine oil for transparency. If it darkens, it needs to be replaced immediately.

Description of the engine can begin with the principle of its operation. There are two types of internal combustion power plants: gasoline and diesel, the former operating on the principle of expanding gases obtained from the combustion of a combustible mixture ignited by an electric spark. The resulting pressure causes the piston to drop sharply to its lowest point, the crank mechanism begins to rotate, thus a duty cycle occurs. The most common number of cylinders is four, but there are six- and eight-cylinder engines. Sometimes the number of cylinders reaches sixteen, these are especially powerful engines,operate smoothly, their performance is high. Such engines are installed on elite vehicles.

A diesel engine works on the same principle, but the combustible mixture in the combustion chamber is not ignited by a spark, but by compression.

Internal combustion engines are divided into two- and four-stroke. The difference between these principles of action is significant. Motorcycle engines usually operate in two-stroke mode, almost all car engines are four-stroke.

Combustible mixture

Description of an engine running on gasoline should begin from the moment when a portion of the combustible mixture came from the carburetor or injector. In the combustion chamber of the cylinder, a kind of cloud formed from a mixture of air and gasoline vapors. This is almost a ready-made combustible mixture, but it still needs to be compressed and ignited. Compression will occur under the action of a piston rising from below, and when it is at the top point, the car’s electrical system will give a spark, the mixture will ignite, there will be a sharp increase in pressure, and the piston will go down. This will generate rotational energy, which is the driving force.

A car engine can have anywhere from three to sixteen pistons. Each of them performs its task and follows a strictly marked schedule, which creates the timing, the gas distribution mechanism of the machine. Thus, there is a continuous cycle of rotation of the crankshaft, which is ultimately transmitted to the wheels.

The description of the operation of the internal combustion engine in stages is as followsway:

• suction of combustible mixture (piston goes down);
• compression and ignition of the combustible mixture (the piston is at top dead center);
• stroke (piston moves down);
• exhaust mixture (piston moves up);

Main cycles can be combined with additional accompanying processes of short duration.

Diesel engine description

Gasoline is a universal fuel that has a number of advantages, and its quality depends on the octane number obtained during processing. But the cost of this type of fuel is quite high. Therefore, diesel engines are widely used in automotive technology.

Description of a diesel engine running on diesel fuel, you need to start with a little background on how this unit was created. In 1890, the German engineer Rudolf Diesel created and patented the first engine that works on the principle of compressing a combustible mixture. At first, the Diesel engine was not accepted for widespread use, since both the design and the efficiency of the mechanism were inferior to steam engines. But after some time, Diesel engines began to be installed on river and sea vessels, where they proved themselves well.

The main advantage of the new engine in comparison with the steam engine was that the coal-fired unit occupied half of the underdeck space of the ship, and the second half was given over to coal reserves. The steam engine was serviced by a whole team of stokers and mechanics. And the diesel engine was compact, locatedtogether with the fuel tank on just a few square meters. One mechanic was enough to operate it. Gradually, the diesel engine replaced the steam engine and became in demand on all ships of the sea and river class. There was a need for serial production, which was soon established by the enterprising contemporaries of Rudolf Diesel with his direct participation.

Diesel engine pistons have a recess on the upper working part, which contributes to the occurrence of turbulence in the combustion chamber. For the engine to work, one condition is necessary - the combustible mixture must be hot. During the operation of an already running motor, heating occurs by itself. And to start the unit, even in warm weather, you have to heat the system. For this, special glow plugs are built into each diesel engine.

TSI universal motor

Winner of the Engine of the Year Award in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The most advanced motor of recent times. The TSI engine, the description of which can take more than one page, is one of the most efficient engines of our time. The principle of its operation is due to the use of dual fuel injection technologies and the presence of a compressor that ensures the delivery of a combustible mixture under pressure.

The TSI engine is a treasure trove of state-of-the-art technology, but the unit needs careful maintenance. When servicing the motor, only high-quality consumables should be used, and its operation involves timely adjustments. The most critical part of the TSI motor is a compressor equipped with a specialgearbox, increasing its speed to 17 thousand per minute, which provides maximum boost pressure.

The TSI engine, the description of which would be incomplete without mentioning this significant drawback, warms up very slowly during the cold season. It is impossible to operate a car with a TSI engine in cold weather; the temperature in the cabin can be below zero for hours. And in the warm season, it is an economical low-speed engine with excellent performance.

Volkswagen engines

The German "people's car" since 2000 has chosen for its production models motors made using TSI technology, as well as FSI. The German concern is today the only manufacturer in the world offering TSI and FSI engines as the main ones for almost all of its models. The description of Volkswagen engines, in particular the TSI engine, has already been made above. The characteristic is generalized, but quite informative.

It is better to start describing the FSI engine with its traction characteristics, which vary between 120-140 hp. With. The motor is economical, with a high resource. FSI (Fuel Stratified Injection) means "stratified fuel injection".

The main difference between the FSI engine and other power plants is the dual-circuit system of low and high pressure. The low pressure circuit includes the fuel tank, filter and fuel pump. The high pressure circuit is directly responsible for fuel injection. The principle of operation of the FSI engine is based on strictly metered injection of fuel by fuelpump. The dose is adjusted automatically using a low pressure sensor. The number of revolutions depends on the amount of fuel. The accelerator pedal is no longer needed in principle, although it is kept in the car.

The description of the Volkswagen FSI engine can be supplemented with data on economy and high efficiency.

Engines "Opel"

German automotive manufacturers are constantly in a state of competition with each other. Opel cars are considered reliable and comfortable. The popularity of models with a "lightning" on the hood is confirmed by consistently high sales. If the buyer is going to buy an inexpensive, easy-to-maintain car, then he chooses Opel. Engines, the description of which is included in the technical documentation of the car, are classified by model name. For example, Opel Corsa is equipped with an Opel Corsa BC 1, 2 16v Ecotec 3 engine. An Opel z19DTH ASTRA III 16v 150k engine is installed on an Astra car. But, along with this, there are a number of unified power plants that can be installed regardless of the index and name.

Factory in Tolyatti

Description of VAZ engines is not difficult - there are only two types. Engines for rear-wheel drive cars VAZ-2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106 and 2107 are four-cylinder units of approximately the same power and layout. And engines for front-wheel drive models VAZ-2108 and VAZ-2109 and their modifications.

AllVAZ engines are quite reliable and unpretentious in operation. Adjustments for ignition timing and valve clearances are quite accessible to the driver himself, for this you only need to know the scheme and sequence of actions. Engines are high-speed and torquey. The resource is not too large, but a major overhaul with the replacement of piston rings and liners, main and connecting rods, is not a problem.

Description of Toyota engines

Motors of a well-known Japanese manufacturer are compact, four-cylinder, predominantly transverse, with very high performance. Gasoline injection engines operate on the principle of direct injection. Four valves per cylinder allow you to perfect the gas distribution process.

The efficiency of Toyota engines is widely known, besides, the manufacturer is famous for its unprecedentedly low CO2 content in exhaust gases. Serial motors are indicated by a set of capital Latin letters in combination with Arabic numerals. No titles are added.

The resource of Toyota engines reaches 300 thousand kilometers, and even then a major overhaul is not needed, it is enough to release the stuck piston rings and flush the cooling system. After a little maintenance, the motor continues to work successfully.

BMW powerplant

The range of engines of the German concern "Bavaria Motor Werke" is much more extensive than that of Japanese manufacturers. ATBMW's assets are in-line four- and six-cylinder engines, V-shaped "eights" and "tens", there are also twelve-cylinder, especially powerful engines. Most BMW engines are produced in DOHC and SOHC formats.

Branded motors have repeatedly become winners in the "Engine of the Year" competition, for example, the S85B50 brand received 11 prizes from 2005 to 2008.

BMW engines, which are difficult to describe due to the huge number of modifications, can be described as super-reliable, perfectly balanced units.

Engines of the Zavolzhsky Motor Plant

The line of power units produced by ZMZ in the city of Zavolzhye looks rather modest. The plant produces only a few modifications of medium power. But at the same time, it is worth noting the impressive number of products produced. The ZMZ-406 brand engine has already been produced in a series of one and a half million copies. The motor is installed on GAZ cars of the Gorky plant. Among them are Gazelle, Volga-3110 and Volga-3102.

What is the 406 engine? See description below.

The motor is produced with an injector under the designation 406-2.10 and runs on AI-92 gasoline. The 406-1 carburetor version is designed for gasoline with an octane rating of 76. Another carburetor engine, 406-3, runs on high-octane fuel, AI-95 gasoline. All 406 series motors are equipped with BOSCH electronics and two coilsignition.

Internal combustion engine repair

The design of an automobile motor involves periodic preventive maintenance of individual components or a major overhaul of the entire unit as a whole. The engine consists of a cylinder block, crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons with compression and oil scraper rings, a block head with a gas distribution mechanism that includes a camshaft with a chain drive and valves.

When individual components or the entire motor are worn out, unusable parts are replaced. This process is called "engine repair". A description of the actions to restore the motor is given in the special literature, with detailed instructions. Minor repairs can be done on your own, while more complex repairs requiring special equipment are best done at a technical center.

When overhauling an internal combustion engine, you must first determine the degree of wear of parts. This requires diagnostics. As a rule, when the oil pressure decreases, it is necessary to replace the crankshaft main bearings and connecting rod bearings. If the crankshaft journals are worn, they should be bored to the repair size and the appropriate liners should be installed. In the event that the cylinder mirror is worn out, new liners are pressed into the block or the old ones are bored to the repair size, followed by the installation of new pistons and new rings. With a slight development, it is enough just to change the rings, and the compression will be restored. The same can be said about the already mentioned liners. If the development of the crankshaft journals is insignificant, then you canreplace only the liners and do not bore. In this case, the oil pressure will return to normal and the updated engine will be ready to run.