Rolling stock of road transport: purpose, types, characteristics and operating rules

2024 Author: Erin Ralphs | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-02-19 11:42

The concept of road transport rolling stock in a broad sense serves to determine the parameters of certain mechanisms that characterize them qualitatively. This is necessary for the correct selection of equipment in accordance with the conditions and specifics of the activities carried out.

Types of road transport rolling stock

It is customary to subdivide technical equipment into groups, depending on their operational purpose. Thus, the classification of the rolling stock of road transport is based on the allocation of two main groups of machines and mechanisms - special and transport purposes. The last group includes two subgroups - cargo and passenger vehicles.

Transport and special rolling stock

Machines and mechanisms of the transport group, as the name implies, are designed to movevarious types of cargo or for passenger transportation. A special group is a set of mechanisms designed to perform various functions that are not directly related to the transportation of something, as a rule, using various attachments configured on the basis of various platforms.

Thus, the transport group of the rolling stock of road transport combines such types of equipment as trucks, including mainline and utility tractors of various variations and semi-trailers for them, cars, buses, as well as trailers transportation of passengers. A special group includes fire service vehicles, self-propelled cranes based on various vehicle platforms, mobile workshops, car shops.

General and special vehicles

In addition, there is a division of equipment according to the characteristics of the nature of transportation and the type of cargo. Allocate general and special vehicles. Thus, depending on the specific type and conditions of transportation, both freight and passenger, certain units are selected for operation, the technical characteristics of which satisfy specific operating conditions.

Commissioning

Rules for the operation of rolling stock of road transport define the procedure when for each individual transport unit that enters the organization from the automaker, from the repair service or other auto enterprise (organization),an act of acceptance is drawn up - a document that is the basis for the inclusion of a piece of equipment in the lists of the organization's fleet. In the event that defects are found during the acceptance of incoming equipment, a reclamation act is drawn up and presented to the supplying organization.

Registration activities

In the future, newly received vehicles in the organization are subject to repair or maintenance in the amounts required for each specific vehicle. After carrying out such work, the equipment should be sent in accordance with the established procedure for technical inspection and registration actions to the subdivision of the State traffic inspectorate. After the registration procedure for each unit, relevant documents are issued, as well as state license plates, only after receiving which it is possible to operate the rolling stock of road transport. Further, during the entire period of operation, all registered vehicles with the established regularity are subject to submission to the bodies of the State traffic inspectorate to confirm the suitability of the equipment for use, by passing the inspection procedure.

Operating conditions

The effectiveness of the use of road transport rolling stock directly depends on the conditions in which it will be carried out. When classifying, such conditions are usually divided into four main groups:

• transport;
• road;
• climatic;
• organizational and technical.

The transport group of operational conditions includes factors such as the type of goods transported, the degree of urgency of delivery, the quantitative volume and geographical distance of transportation, loading and unloading conditions.

The road group includes:

• type and quality characteristics of the road surface;
• road passability factors on the route;
• type of terrain throughout the route;
• strength of bridges and crossings, profile and planned characteristics of the road, slope values, fracture values;
• the order of organization of traffic on the roads of the route and the degree of congestion on these roads.

Climatic group characterizes the type of climate along the route. Depending on the conditions, cold, temperate and hot climates are distinguished.

The group of organizational and technical conditions includes the following concepts:

1. Operating mode - determines the average vehicle mileage per year and per day.
2. Conditions for the storage of transport units, the organization of maintenance and the work of driver personnel.
3. Regularity of transportation performed on routes.

Characterizing qualities of rolling stock

Regardless of the conditions in which the operation of the equipment takes place, each transport unit must have a number of qualities that make it possible to characterize the rolling stock of road transport. Thus, all units are evaluated according to criteria such as fuel economy, speed and otherdriving performance, reliability in use, ease of operation, safety performance.

Selection of rolling stock for application

All of the above conditions are decisive in the appointment of road transport rolling stock for cargo transportation. Based on the physical properties of the cargo to be transported, an appropriate body and capacity is selected. Depending on the number of consignments and the volume of each of them, specific vehicles or road trains of the required performance and specialization are used. For the transportation of small consignments, it is more expedient to use transport units of small and medium carrying capacity, large consignments require the use of specialized vehicles. The terms of transportation and the length of the route require certain speed characteristics, power reserve, reliability of components and assemblies. The choice of body type is influenced by the expected loading and unloading options for each specific lot and unit of road transport.

Road conditions determine the requirements for the driving characteristics of the car, its speed, the ability to use off-road conditions, mountain roads or highways with established restrictions on the weight or overall dimensions of the road train.

Climatic conditions also have a very significant impact on the choice of certain operational characteristics of the rolling stock of road transport. For example, to protect transported materials from adverse weather events in the form of snow, rainor sunlight, it is necessary to choose the right type of body, protected from the weather. In northern climatic zones, where temperatures are well below zero for a long time, such qualities of vehicles are of great importance.

Maintenance

In order to preserve the condition of the rolling stock and bring it to the proper level, repairs and maintenance of the rolling stock of road transport is carried out. Maintenance has as its purpose the maintenance of machines and mechanisms in good condition and ready for operation, as well as their proper appearance. Its timely implementation can significantly reduce the intensity of wear of parts of assemblies and assemblies, the likelihood of malfunctions is reduced, and the period of operation is increased until the moment of the need for repair work. Already existing malfunctions are detected in time, which helps to reduce labor costs for their elimination.

Work order

The performance of maintenance work on the rolling stock of road transport is strictly mandatory, which means that they are carried out forcibly until the vehicle reaches a certain mileage value. Maintenance comes in many forms and is divided into:

• EO, or daily maintenance;
• first maintenance, or TO-1.

All of them are performed with their own frequency. Separately for eachtype, there are lists and procedures of work that must be completed, as well as normative values of labor intensity. These parameters are set by various kinds of provisions and regulations that regulate the aspect of activities related to the operation of vehicles.

Retirement of rolling stock

Technical facilities are subject to write-off due to a number of reasons. Thus, when the equipment reaches a certain mileage value, taken into account in kilometers or hours, its operational life is considered exhausted, and its further operation is considered inappropriate or impossible. The limit value of the mileage before the need for write-off is documented, the relevant standards and for various types and categories of vehicles, as well as depending on the conditions in which the operation of a particular unit of rolling stock was carried out, may have different values.

Debiting procedure

The actual write-off of the technical means is carried out after the relevant decision is made by a special commission created by the head of the organization. Members of the commission, as a rule, are appointed from among employees whose area of responsibility and competence implies direct participation in the administrative management, operation, and maintenance of the organization's transport fleet.

The organizational procedure for writing off rolling stock units is regulated by ministerial or departmental administrative regulations, depending on the management structure of a particulartransport organization, enterprise.

The rules for the technical operation of the rolling stock of road transport establish the procedure for decommissioned units to be de-registered in the departments of the State traffic inspectorate. Until this moment, the equipment must be stored at the enterprise in a state of completeness. Vehicles in respect of which the state registration has been terminated in accordance with the established procedure are subject to dismantling. Those parts, components and assemblies, the condition of which is assessed as allowing their further use for the repair and maintenance of the existing fleet of vehicles, after passing the posting, are included in the working capital of the enterprise's spare parts and sent to warehouse storage. The rest is to be disposed of as scrap.