Classification of lifting machines by design and type of work performed

2024 Author: Erin Ralphs | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-02-19 11:41

Classification of hoisting machines is mainly based on the commonality of designs and principle of operation. By type, these mechanisms are divided into lifts, cranes, production robots, depending on the amount of work and the specifics of operation.

Jacks

These mechanisms are used to lift loads to a low height (up to 700 millimeters). Most often, the device is used in various repair and installation work. By design, the classification of lifting machines of this type is divided into several categories:

1. Rack modifications that are focused on installation operations, if there is a need to move parts and assemblies without precise adherence to the production process. Common representatives of this category are modifications with a load capacity of 500-10000 kg.
2. Screw analogues are used for hanging vehicles during maintenance and repair work. These models have a load capacity of 2-50 tons,are used for minor shifting of components and assemblies of cars and trucks, including special equipment.
3. Hydraulic jacks are used for lifting and lowering heavy objects. The unit functions by supplying a working fluid under pressure and then withdrawing it through the drain channel.

Tali

In the classification of lifting machines and mechanisms, these devices occupy a niche for operation in cramped conditions when performing construction and installation manipulations, repairing vehicles in the field, and similar work in workshops and specialized workshops.

Tali are simple in design and small in size devices that are suspended from high-standing supports. These elements are manufactured with a manual or electric drive. In the first case, a worm gear is used to operate the mechanism, in the second, a gear mechanism.

In the classification of hoisting machines (according to the mode of operation), manual (mechanical) hoist refers to chain hoists, the working body of which is hinged lamellar or calibrated welded chains. Gear analogues are capable of lifting loads weighing up to 10 tons to a height of up to three meters.

Electric hoists - a kind of electric hoists. They are suspended from trolleys and move along special beam rails. The lifting capacity of such devices is up to 10 tons with the possibility of lifting up to 36 meters.

Winches and cranes

The next category in the classification of hoisting machines and mechanisms are winches. They are focused on lifting or moving cargo in a horizontal plane. These elements are operated independently, or as additional devices for arranging complex equipment with cable-block control. In the role of the working gear, gear or worm units with a mechanical or manual drive are used.

Any winch design is equipped with an automatic brake, which guarantees the stop of the drum when lowering the load and its immediate stop, in the event of a sudden release of the handle.

The next link in the classification of lifting machines are cranes. They are designed for lifting and lowering loads with moving them over short distances in a horizontal plane. These units are used when performing loading and unloading and installation manipulations. Crane installations are divided by design, types of gripping mechanism, running features and supporting nuances.

Overhead and cable cranes

The classification of hoisting machines and lifting mechanisms suggests the main differences between overhead (span) cranes from analogues in that they block a certain section (span) along which the corresponding working area is serviced. Such units are mounted on special beams, in open areas or in buildings.

Gantry cranes are usually used in the first case. The bridge of this technique rests on a pair of vertical trusses,moving on rails placed at ground level. Such devices are focused on unloading ships and servicing storage areas. The carrying capacity of the machines is from 3 to 30 tons, the span reaches 25 meters, and the speed of the trolley is 10 m/s.

Cable crane installations are used as transporters of goods through water obstacles, in timber warehouses, for supplying objects at hydraulic structures, when servicing large storage areas. The load capacity of these mechanisms reaches 150 tons, the speed of work is up to 3 m / s, the movement of the trolley and support towers is 10 and 30 m / s, respectively.

Qualification of hoisting machines such as jib cranes

Boom cranes are among the most common handling equipment. They fall into several categories:

• mobile self-propelled units on railway, wheeled or caterpillar tracks;
• wall modifications;
• tower and gantry versions serving limited jobsite space;
• mobile modifications.

Shop aisles and similar sites use mobile cantilevered machines adapted to work in narrow and limited areas. These machines can be swivel or non-swivel type, move on rails on the floor or on special wall guides. Load capacity indicator - up to five tons, boom reach - up to four meters.

Tower Crane Units

According to the classification and design features of hoisting machines, this category includes full-revolving cranes equipped with an arrow, which is pivotally fixed at the top of the vertical turret. The units are designed for construction and installation works in the construction of buildings and industrial structures, including hydraulic complexes. The load capacity of these mechanisms varies from one to 80 tons, the maximum boom reach is 45 meters with the ability to lift cargo to a height of up to 150 meters.

The advantages of tower cranes include the ability to lift loads to a great height, the simultaneous maintenance of several objects from one site, good maneuverability, simple design and good visibility of the workplace. Among the minuses is the complexity and duration of relocating the device from one workplace to another, taking into account the installation of crane tracks.

Gantry cranes

The indicated modifications, according to the classification of lifting machines and equipment, are equipped with a turning part on a special portal U-shaped base. The structures under consideration are divided into three types according to their purpose: assembly, building and port modifications.

Devices are used for loading operations at industrial and shipbuilding plants, as well as as assistants in the construction of hydraulic and other structures. The load capacity parameter reaches 100 tons, the boom reach is up to 50 meters. Lifting speed - 80 m/min.

Stationary machines are mounted in open areas, serving limited compartments, depending on the maximum and minimum reach of the boom. The considered types of overturning cranes are fixed by means of the weight of the foundation. Their design can be with a rotating or fixed column, or with a turntable.

Lifts

This classification of hoisting machines by purpose includes devices of continuous or cyclic action, focused on lifting loads and people in special devices moving along rigid vertical guides or rail tracks. Lifts are divided into several categories:

• chain options;
• rack versions;
• plunger models;
• screw units.

Among these analogues, the most popular were rope hoists, which are suspended on steel ropes, working with winch drums or special pulleys. Devices of this type are used in elevators, mines, and construction sites. The lifting capacity of the machines is 0.25-50 tons, the lifting speed is 0.1-16 m/s. Work items are made in the form of a cage, skip, cab or trolley.

For reference: cage units are designed to move people and goods in original cages transported along rigid guides. Skip is a self-loading trolley running on two-axle wheelsets with a sheet steel body. In these mechanismsthe difference is the presence of full automation of loading and unloading manipulations.

Uses

According to the classification, the purpose of lifting machines is the lifting and transportation of goods over short distances in a space designated by a specific area of the work site or industrial base. The main mechanisms of the technique under consideration include devices for lifting loads. Among the many varieties of GPM, cranes of various modifications are most widely used.

For example, the rotary unit works cyclically, lifts and moves objects from one point of the working platform to another compartment (for further sorting or loading). The working cycle of the specified device includes the capture of the load with subsequent slinging, raising it to the required height, moving it to the end point with lowering and unslinging.

A load-lifting crane functions for a short time, unlike analogues of continuous action (conveyors). Such machines have long been actively used in ports, construction sites, engineering, railways and other sectors of the economy.

Safety measures

If we briefly classify hoisting machines, it should be noted that working with these units requires certain safety measures. The machines must be operated in accordance with the technological map and PPR, which are developed by a special organization or department responsible for the techniqueproduction safety. All actions and activities must comply with the requirements of Gosgortekhnadzor and the Rules for the Safe Operation and Construction of Hoisting Mechanisms.

A separate point is the organization of safety measures at the work site, where the use of lifting mechanisms and machines is provided. It is necessary to carry out professional training of personnel, accounting for weather conditions, connecting electricity and maintaining mechanisms, as well as firefighting operations.

Recommendations

Operation of any crane equipment must be carried out with mandatory control of the angle of deviation of the working elements from the lifting plane. The safety of lifting and moving cargo is monitored by a special device called an anemometer that meets the standards established by the requirements of SNiP 3-4-80. In addition, the safety of work is ensured due to the presence of limiters and indicators of lifts and turns, as well as various indicators, poles and fences in the design of the GLM.